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IS NIGERIA A FAILED STATE?
By Louis Brown Ogbeifun | July 26, 2009
The disaster dictionary defines a failed state as “A dysfunctional state which also has multiple competing political factions in conflict within its borders or has no functioning governance above the local level. This does not imply that a central government facing an insurgency is automatically a failed state. If essential functions of government continue in areas controlled by the central authority, it has not “failed.” An example of a failed state is Somalia”. The attributes of a failed state proposed by the Fund for peace according to Wikipedia include:
- loss of physical control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force therein,
- erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions,
- an inability to provide reasonable public services, and
- an inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community.
Arising from the above postulations, a failed state can be defined as that country, whose central government is so weak, cannot make collective decisions, unable to control its territorial integrity and thereby uses coercion in her day to day activities to enforce rules and suppress human rights, having no wherewithal to provide basic welfare services and unable to interact with the international community on a scale expected of a sovereign state.In summary, the characteristics of a failed state include:
- inability of a state to provide the basic leadership functions by the central government that will stimulate the desired development of an ideal state,
- inability to make decisions that will impact positively on the lives of the citizens,
- failure of the public service to provide the basic welfare services like food, housing, health and education for the good of all.
To help countries access their ratings and risk assessment factors, the Fund for Peace carries out surveys and release her reports on annual basis. According to the Fund for Peace, “These reports assess the stability and political risk of countries by focusing on key economic, social, and political indicators, including, as applicable, their relations with other countries in the region and local issues”.
In the 2009 report released by the Fund for Peace using the Failed States’Index; Nigeria was ranked the 15th most failed state in the world out of the 177 countries surveyed. Nigeria sank deeper into the valley of the failed states from the 18th position she occupied in 2008 and 17th position in 2007; Ivory Coast was ranked 11th, Kenya was ranked 14th, Ghana was ranked 124, Norway was 177, Finland USA and United Kingdom were ranked as 159 and 161respectively.
From the above and going by the survey carried out, Ghana is the safest and the most outstanding haven in Africa while Norway is the best place to be in the world. There are twelve parameters called indicators used to assess a state’s viability to respond to the basic needs of her citizens. I strongly believe that Ghana and Norway meet the positive things said about them.
I visited Ghana and Stavanger, Norway in 2003. The workings of those two States were completely a direct opposite of what obtained in Nigeria. In those cities, things worked. The highways are motorable, the electricity supply was uninterrupted for the periods I stayed there and law and order was pervasive everywhere I went. There was sanity on their roads. In addition they also have stable, social, economic and political environments.
In Ghana, I strolled out at various times of the night to compare the night life there and in Nigeria. What thrilled me was that one was not harassed nor accosted by hostile police men that will hound innocent people into their waiting cabs to be charged for wandering. All the assignments I had there had no African time. Life there was sweet.
It is on the basis of the above I want to look into the parameters as currently obtained in my dear country, match them against the indicators and see if Nigeria has indeed failed.
Social Indicators:
1. Mounting Demographic pressures: One key indicator that would have helped in the assessment of this pressure is an accurate census figure. Unfortunately, the deliberate falsehood by the elites, communal leaders who use public officers in bid to attract more revenue allocation from the Federal government and the justification of the number of local government Councils in their States have made it impossible to have an authentic census data.
There is no denying the fact that there are the pressures deriving from high population density relative to food supply and other life-sustaining resources in Nigeria. From time to time, there have been deadly pressures from border disputes as typified by the Aguleri-Umuleri fratricidal wars of the 80s and 90s in the South East, the Eleme-Okrika clashes in the last few years in River’s State, the recent July 2009 religious upheavals claiming scores of lives in Bauchi, Maiduguri and other land disputes across the six geo-political Zones, the resource control agitation over ownership of the land where oil is produced from by the Niger Delta states, lack of access to effective transportation outlets across the nation, control of religious and serious proximity to environmental hazards in gas flaring in the oil producing state and severe erosion problems in several states make Nigeria. A recent agitation by the people of Cross River over the ceding of over 70 disputed oil wells to Akwa Ibom State by the Revenue Mobilization, Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) and the National Boundary Commission (NBC) may pitch the two States against each other if not well handled. On this indicator, our leaders have failed to take us above the curve necessary to justify a healthy existence as a nation.
2. Massive Movement of Refugees or Internally Displaced Persons creating Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: This had at some level occurred once-in-a-while as explained in 3 below but they have been resolved without any refugee problems over a long period of time. Maritime continental shelf challenges with our neighbours; Cameroun, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe and Benin Republic have been methodically resolved. This is not much of a problem to Nigeria as the ceding of Bakasi Peninsula to Cameroun did not generate serious internal or external conflict.
3. Legacy of vengeance-seeking group grievance or group paranoia: In the last ten years, The politics of selfish agenda, contestations over ethnic inheritance of indigenous homelands, claims to religiosity, have triggered several communal and religious violence, the proliferation of ethnic militias and sectarian fundamentalism. There have been insidious communal and sectarian crisis perpetrated by dominant groups over the minorities across the nation. Few examples are: The Kano and Plateau crisis of 2004, the Zango Kataf crisis of 1998, the Ife-Modakeke crisis of 1997, Kaduna crisis of 2000 and 2002, Bauchi and Jos crisis of 2009, which are either premised on religious, ethnic and on recent or past injustices. Several hundreds of thousands were displaced in the incidents, and several thousands more lost their while others lost properties that cannot be recovered. In an attempt to put down some of these insurgencies, soldiers were used in Odi, Gbaramatu and some part of Plateau. This shows that our security system is inadequate for preventive purposes. The exclusion of the minorities in the mainstream of Nigerian political system is one of the reasons for the agitation in the Niger delta States. There is a serious concern on this indicator.
4. Chronic and sustained human flight: The brain drain syndrome is unreservedly high and alarming. Nigerians are leaving the country in droves seeking greener pastures outside Nigeria. Many of our professionals are servicing the economy of other advanced nations. They are found in every nook and cranny of the world. Human trafficking especially of the youths is unacceptably prevalent. The age bracket involved in this flight are supposed to be the bedrock of our future development.
Economic indicators:
5. Uneven economic development along group lines: There is no gainsaying that there is high level inequality in appointments and in our reward systems. Who you know gives you any appointment. As at today, key appointments are based on tribal, ethnic and religious sentiments and astronomically skewed against the minority in whose land the oil that services our economy is gotten. Gender inequality is even more alarming.In 2007, the world was alarmed with the assertion of President Olusegun Obasanjo on infant and maternal mortality rates and I quote “”When we came into office in 1999, the national infant mortality rate which was 71 deaths per 1,000 live births rose to 100 in 2003. Under 5 mortality rate also showed the same trend, starting at 133 deaths per 1,000 live births and rising to 201 in 2003”. In 2008, indexmundi said infant Mortality rate stood at “male: 101.83 deaths/1,000 live births and female: 89.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 estimates.) “In July 2008, Ali Garba writing from Bauchi, said “The Bauchi State office of the Millennium Development goals (MDGS) has averred that that over 600,000 women die of pregnancy related causes in the world annually and Nigeria alone accounts for 10 percent of this figure. One Nigerian woman dies every ten minutes. Hajiya Hajara stated further that, in Bauchi State alone, according to studies done by the United Nations Population Funds (UNFPA), the maternal mortality rate worsened from 1350/100,000 of lives birth in 2003 to 1380/100,000 in 2006. These are not good indicators for any nation.
6. Sharp and/or severe economic decline: Poverty is the inability to afford the basic necessities of life. This includes food, housing, water, inaccessibility to education and health care. Those below poverty line have been defined as individuals and households whose incomes are insufficient to provide for their basic needs (World Bank 2001). The economic meltdown has led to drop in commodity prices and foreign investment. The naira has suffered its worst devaluation in almost a decade. As you read through this, political and public officers’ salaries are going through the processes of reduction and many pensioners are owed pension arrears despite the huge sums made from excess crude oil prices in the last ten years. There is no part of the country that can boast of two hours continuous power supply every day. There is lack of portable drinking water for the masses especially in the rural areas. It has been widely accepted that majority of Nigerians live below poverty line. Access to qualitative education is a tall dream as schools never complete one full academic session without a strike. Most parents now send their children to neighbouring West African countries for studies. Our health care suffers the same neglect and decay as with other infrastructures. This has led to a flight of our leaders to India, South Africa, Ghana and other advanced nations for their and their family health needs.
Political indicators:
7. Criminalization and/or delegitimisation of the state: The issue of endemic corruption by the ruling class is still prevalent. The EFCC and ICPC keep raising alarms over lack of transparency and accountability in governance. The confession of the President at the inception of this administration that the election that brought him to power was flawed has eroded the confidence of the people in those at the helm of affairs. The people also have lost faith in some of the social institutions like INEC. This led to the electoral reform of the present government.
8. Progressive deterioration of public services: The collapse of almost all social institutions is not in doubt. As at today, the Federal Universities and polytechnics are on strike. The Nigerian Medical association has suspended her proposed national strike till October 1st 2009. There is massive vandalism of state assets like petroleum pipelines, electricity cables and sabotaging of oil installations. Our security cannot be said to have the capacity to wade off most of these attacks as the recent bombing of Atlas Cove in Lagos has shown. In the last two weeks, armed robbers have held some states in the South East hostage. The security infrastructures are weak because of the Nigerian question.
9. Suspension or Arbitrary Application of the Rule of Law and Widespread Violation of Human Rights: The current state with regards to this indicator if matched with the military era is poles apart.
10. Security apparatus operates as ‘state within a state’: While one may not readily have the data to back up state-sponsored political killings, the high profile assassinations of political opponents between 1999 and 2007 are legion. Up till now, the Chief legal officer of Nigeria Chief Bola Ige, Marshal Harry and others were gruesomely murdered without any clue, the extra-judicial killing of the Apo six by the police in 2005, the increasing wave of militia activities in the South East, South West and the Niger Delta region are pointers to frustrations on the part of the populace calls to mind the need for government to wake up to the duty of care it owes Nigerians.
11. Rise of factionalised elites: This does not seem to me to be something to worry about in the country as at now.
12. Intervention of Other States or External Political Actors: Putting all the above together, there are glaring indicators that Nigeria has a financially strong central Government that operates more of a unitary system; but crippled over the years by the moral bankruptcy of our leaders. This has been brought to bare by the results of different probe panels and the assertions of our anti corruption agaencies. The end effect of this is a weak decision making centre and therefore unable to take decisive decisions that can catapult us to our dream state in line with vision 20:20-20. The examples of such weaknesses are legion. The privatization, deregulation and the liberalization programmes for instance is a disaster. Government has submitted her right to run an effective downstream sector of the oil and gas industry to a cabal, which President Yar’Adua has acknowledged.The insurgency in the Niger Delta has paralysed the activities of the entire upstream and downstream activities. The spate of kidnapping for ransom is alarming and our level of insecurity is totally unacceptable. Our roads are death traps and not motorable all year round. Nigeria currently provides less than 1,500 Mega Watts of electricity to service more than 140 million Nigerians and those found guilty of corruption are walking the streets free and in their affluence.
Irrespective of the above weaknesses, Nigeria still remains stable, not because of the efforts of government but because of the patient nature of Nigerians. Nigeria is still on her feet without unnecessary pressures from other countries. It is worthy to note that several nations have gone to wars over the above highlighted issues and weaknesses but Nigeria has managed to survive so far because of the resilience of the people as a nation.
Even before the failed states’ index was released, I thought we had started on the right path with the rebranding exercise carried out by the Minister of Information and Communication. But the recent events have shown that the rebranding which should start with our leaders has serious question marks. Events have shown that the rebranding of a product by name change only will not attract genuine customers to buy a bad product in a new case. Our leaders need to wake up to present day realities and rebrand in totality. Nigeria is a great nation made to stoop low amongst the comity of nations because of the unpatriotic attitude of our leaders. Change! They must and yes they can.
The rebranding exercise would have been an ideal platform to re-orientate both our citizens and the public office holders on the need to do the right things, first time and at all times. However, this campaign will suffer a serious setback because the Ministers driving the rebranding do not tend to believe in it. If not, how does one explain a situation where the Minister of education was said to have held a party in which multi millions naira was expended to celebrate 25 years of marriage in full glare of Nigerians; at a time when all educational activities were paralysed by strikes organized by the academic and non-academic staff unions of Universities?
Another setback for the rebranding process was the display of affluence on a major Nigerian electronic media by the Minister of Information and Communication, Professor Dora Akunyili, during the wedding of her daughter. Reactions of the people can be summated with the comments of the National Publicity Secretary of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) Mr. Emma Eneukwu who was quoted as saying “it was disheartening that the minister can celebrate the wedding of her daughter with pump and pageantry when the average Nigerian is in the midst of penury and material poverty” In all the states mentioned as virile and strong, such things do not happen. If it does, the Ministers shall cease to serve the people the next morning and they would definitely face a probe panel immediately. This is a moral issue that goes with governance and service.
Is Nigeria a failed State?
Maslow had propounded five levels of human needs in a pyramidal form and he arranged them in order of importance. The first two needs, which are: Psychological Needs (food, shelter, water, clothing, breathing etc.) and Safety/security needs (financial security, health security, personal safety/security, education security, etc.) are very critical to anybody’s existence. It is in the fulfilment of these that one can be dignified, loved, respected and have self esteem. When the foundation of self respect and esteem is destroyed, a man loses his dignity to life.
To this end, the government has failed the vast majority of Nigerians. However, as an optimist, I believe that Nigeria is a great country that is well endowed in human and material resources. I also believe that she is a nation in transition and will come out of this coma so long as our leaders are ready for the necessary sacrifices. The route may be rough and rugged but if our leaders are truly repentant by shunning anti masses devices they can begin the serious business of rebuilding country. Nigeria is still alive, breathing and has enough blood in her to come out of the self imposed position she is presently occupying. Nigeria is not yet a failed state and will not be a failed state. She is but a state extremely disabled by inept and unpatriotic leadership whose stock in trade has been selfishness, lack of transparency and accountability in governance, greed and corruption. Nigeria is a nation in perpetual motion but unable to continue on a straight path for a long time. She takes one-step forward and reverses herself at an ultrasonic speed backwards, to erode all the values gained with previous motions.
Though the indices of failure are very visible, but just like a student that failed a test can rise to make an “A” in the re-sit examination; I also believe that Nigeria can be on her feet again only if:
- The people have the freedom to freely elect their leaders without molestation. This should be addressed by the electoral reform bill. The National assembly should not play politics with this issue. It is in this, the people can demand of their leaders transparency and accountability in governance. If Nigeria’s political future must survive beyond 2011, it shall depend on our having a true, open, transparent, free and fair elections. The people are becoming less patient and restive. Frustrations would force people to protect their votes if government decides otherwise. The youths used by politicians as thugs to rig elections should refuse to be part of the rigging syndrome because their future is being gradually destroyed. We must all stand up against snatching of ballot boxes and criminalization of our electoral process. This will be the beginning of the revision of our failures to successes.
- The looters stop the continuous haemorrhage of our treasury. This is the singular and most culpable reason the dividends of democracy cannot be delivered to the good people of Nigeria. The political and public office holders that are less than 1% of the population should try to be truly born again democrats. This 1% has given Nigerians the bad name of a corrupt country. They should stop bleeding the nation’s economic blood for storage in private vaults at the expense of the larger society.
- The genuine civil society organizations remain faithful to their agitations for a better governance structure.
- The populace and indeed the masses who are the victims of any mis-management are more responsive to their responsibilities. We must start to hold our leaders accountable in all areas of governance. This should start right from the local government to the federal level. When people are fingered for allegations of corruption, it is amazing how Nigerians stand to defend them based on religion and ethnic sentiments. Nigeria remains the only country where perceived looters of our treasury are given red carpet treatment in court premises by the same losers in this game of corruption. This cannot move us forward. The looting of our commonwealth will deliver the killer punch if we all do not rise up against this evil now.
- Our leaders uphold the rule of law as the benchmark for addressing the wrongs done to the people.
- Our security agencies are well funded, focused on crime prevention and alert to the needs of Nigerians. The President on his way to brazil stated that surveillance has been on for years on the activities of the Boko haram sect that unleashed mayhem on police fomrmations in the northern parts of Nigeria and that this present security action will put the insurgents down once and for all. If we had a very good security network aimed at crime prevention and early arrests, the wanton destruction of innocent lives and properties would have been averted.
- We as a nation truly change our paradigm. The tribal and religious sentiments of old cannot take us to our Eldorado. We must all say no to corruption and breaches of our laws. We must shun tribalism and sectionalism in the approach of issues and public discourse.
- Nigerians have access to food, housing, education and health, which is their inalienable right. Our government can afford these. The looted funds that are in few hands can be recovered and used to liberate the masses from hunger and poverty.
- There are no sacred cows in the fight against corruption.
- Appointments into positions of authourity are on merit.
- Our development is premised on affordable and sustainable energy supply. As a starting point, President Yar’Adua must deliver and distribute a minimum of 10,000 Mega Watts of electricity for usage before his tenure expires in 2011. If not vision 20-20 is doomed.
- Efforts are geared towards job creation especially in the agricultural sector. The fertilizer merchants that have made it impossible for the grass root farmers to get fertilizers must be chased out of their illicit trade business.
- The petroleum reform is objectively carried out to serve the needs of Nigerians rather than see this as an opportunity to plant cronies in positions of authourity. The people must own the reform for it to survive. Nigeria and Nigerians must be the central focus the reform and the National assembly should be alive to her responsibilities. If this fails, at least for a while, we may jolly well say good night to oil and gas of our dream.
- Government implements policies especially the budget, according to the designs in order to meet expected targets.
- The Nigerian state re-engineers her Constitution, fiscal regimes and practices to reflect true federalism.
In my own estimation, the failed states’ index is not in absolute term a “death knell proclamation” on states. It is an alert tool to a wise state that all is not well. It is a wakeup call to the reality that there is the need for the leaders to urgently put structures in place to avoid disintegration or disaster of unimaginable magnitude.
My expectation is that once these indicators are identified in a state, responsible leaders should concertedly and consciously use the facts to address her weak links. Any state found in the failed state bracket and still continue to act in self denial instead of addressing the weaknesses like Nigeria’s officials are currently doing, would be doing a disservice to her citizens.Nigerians should not lament over the failed states’ index. We are a hardworking people and I am convinced that we can make things work if our leaders change their ways and stop the corruption that thrives in high places. Change! They must and yes they can.
Let us be wise to use the index as a catapulting tool to spring from our current state into a better, viable and enviable society where everything works to the good of the people. Our leaders must conform to transparency and accountability tests. They must learn that there is virtue in service and should learn to put the people first. The era of pocketing every dime that belongs to the masses must stop. Our leaders must be selfless in service and give to the people what is truly theirs. They must churn avarice and the unrepentant looting of our commonwealth to oil the wheels of the destiny of their own families alone. Change! They must and yes they can.
Long Live the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Notes:
Nigerian Newsday; Infant Mortality In Nigeria: Thursday, June 14, 2007.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200905150076.html
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0002272/index.php
http://www.news.dailytrust.com/index.php option=com_content&view=article&task=view&id=3154
http://www.semp.us/publications/disaster_dictionary.php?letter=Fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed state.
www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option…id…
http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=ni&v=29.�
Topics: Uncategorized |
August 9th, 2009 at 6:15 pm
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August 21st, 2009 at 11:46 am
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August 29th, 2009 at 9:39 pm
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September 3rd, 2009 at 7:34 am
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September 5th, 2009 at 10:10 am
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September 5th, 2009 at 11:37 am
Можно и довольно серьезно поспорить по этому поводу… А вообще интересно! (It is possible and sufficiently serious to argue in regard to this… But it is generally interesting!)
September 5th, 2009 at 5:55 pm
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September 6th, 2009 at 8:56 am
Моё мнение вопрос развёрнут полностью, автор выжал всё что можно, за что ему мой поклон! (In my opinion the issue is fully dealt with, the author has squeezed out all that is possible, for him I bow!)
September 18th, 2009 at 5:11 pm
Странно, почему никто не обсуждает эту публикацию ? Тема ведь интересная… (I wonder why no one discusses this publication? Subject interesting because …)
September 19th, 2009 at 6:25 am
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Hmm, I would certainly not agree with some of his statements, but in general I like the blog).
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September 19th, 2009 at 11:15 pm
Это должно быть в цитатнике (This should be in quotations)
September 20th, 2009 at 5:45 am
Класс! Афтару респект! (Class! Author respect!)
September 20th, 2009 at 3:16 pm
Спасибо автору блога за предоставленную информацию. (Thanks to author of this blog for the information provided).
September 20th, 2009 at 7:31 pm
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September 21st, 2009 at 12:11 pm
Побольше бы таких тем! (Have more of such topics!)
September 22nd, 2009 at 7:54 pm
Да уж По-моему, об этом пишут уже на каждом блоге
(Yeah I think this writing is already on every blog:)
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September 24th, 2009 at 2:47 am
что касается темы, то мне кажется актуальность будет известна только через некоторое время. (as far as theme is concerned, it seems to me urgency will be known only after a certain time).
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“Yes, the news went on inetu and distributed with starshnoy force”
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October 3rd, 2009 at 11:29 am
Happiness - not a reward for virtue, but virtue itself, not because we enjoy the happiness that curb their passions, but rather enjoy the happiness makes us able to curb them. - Spinoza
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October 14th, 2009 at 2:21 am
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не очень ето точно…
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_________________
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And perhaps more options?
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June 17th, 2010 at 7:00 pm
All men delusion, but not equally. Those who day-dream by means of night in the dusty recesses of their minds, wake in the heyday to find that it was swell-headedness: but the dreamers of the day are rickety men, because they may act on their dreams with problematic eyes, to create them possible.
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